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Overlapping Neural Correlates of Reading Emotionally Positive and Negative Adjectives
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Abstract
Comparison of positive and negative naturally read adjectives to neutral adjectives yielded an overlapping higher BOLD response in the occipital and the orbitofrontal cortex (gyrus rectus). Superior medial frontal gyrus and posterior cingulate gyrus showed higher BOLD response to negative adjectives and inferior frontal gyrus to positive adjectives. The overlap of activated regions and lack of pronounced distinct regions supports the assumption that the processing of negative and positive words mainly takes place in overlapping brain regions.
INTRODUCTION
Emotional communication is a complex interaction of several features (e.g. prosody, content, face, gesture, body posture). Words acquire emotional content or meaning through association with other emotional stimuli such as visual images. This enables language to convey the pleasant or unpleasant nature of an object [1] and to elicit positive and negative emotions [2].
In contrast to pictorial emotional stimuli as faces and pictures processing of the emotional significance of words will require not only appraisal but also higher semantic processes. However, neuroimaging studies on emotional word processing report activation in brain regions similar to those investigating the processing of pictures and faces [3, 4].
The majority of studies concerning the neural correlates of processing of emotional verbal stimuli generally report the contrast of negative and positive emotional to neutral stimuli but the issue of overlap between the activated regions has not been discussed. Since only few studies have investigated the direct comparison of negative and positive stimuli the answer to the question concerning the overlap or distinctness of brain regions responsible for processing these stimuli is vague. A survey [5, 6] of the present studies found evidence for both, overlapping and distinct regions.
Considering the results of the studies that report a direct comparison of negative and positive lingual stimuli we expect distinct neural response to negative and positive words in several regions. Positive adjectives compared to negative adjectives are expected to lead to a higher BOLD response in the hippocampus [7] and the lingual gyrus [3, 7]. Negative words will result in stronger hemodynamic responses than positive words in the lateral prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal and the inferior parietal gyrus [3, 7].
On the other hand the overlap of regions related in processing of negative and positive words has not been shown directly and can only be anticipated from the results of different studies. The following section will provide the regions with expected overlap for emotional processing of positive and negative stimuli.
Emotional words provoke in contrast to neutral words neural activity in frontal regions. The superior medial frontal gyrus is engaged in the generation and processing of emotional semantic information [3, 6, 8-10]. The inferior frontal gyrus is suggested to be employed in the evaluation of the emotional meaning of words comparable to the lateral frontal cortex, which is assumed to be responsible not only for working memory but also for retrieval of semantic information [8, 9, 11]. Emotional stimuli, irrespectively of their valence are processed in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex [7, 8, 11-13]. The orbitofrontal gyrus has bidirectional connections with the amygdala and therefore is assumed to influence the attentional system [13]. Accounting the valence of the stimuli, all these frontal regions show enhanced activation in contrast to neutral words [1-3, 7, 12] and are suggested to process concomitant negative and positive stimuli. The majority of neuroimaging studies on emotional word processing failed to detect activation of the most prominent region involved in emotion processing, the amygdala. Few studies observed increased activation for negative and positive verbal material [2, 3, 12] compared to neutral words. In summary most listed regions show activation during processing of emotional stimuli independent of the emotional valence. Only few regions seem to respond specifically to positive verbal stimuli as the putamen and nucleus accumbens which are suggested to be related to positive affect and reward [2].
The posterior cingulate as part of the cortico – limbic circuit has strong connections to the other regions related to emotional behavior and its activation is associated with the processing of emotional significance and memory related activity [1, 12]. But activation differences of the anterior and posterior cingulate gyri are reported for both direct positive to negative contrast and emotional to neutral comparison [1, 7, 12] and a preference hypothesis can not be conducted.
Imaging studies investigating emotional language processing have used tasks that vary in the extent to which they focus the attention of the subject on the emotion. The tasks range from animacy/commonality judgment [3] to go/nogo [11] and lexical decision [7, 14], word generation [1, 9, 10], valence evaluation [12] and paying attention to elicited feelings [2]. The influence of task effects on the activation pattern can not be estimated. Previous imaging studies found that cognitively demanding tasks can lead to a reduced amygdala BOLD response compared to passive viewing of faces or pictures [15]. Thus it can be assumed that passive or natural reading minimizes the effects of the task on neural response. The aim of the present study was to identify the overlap or diversity of brain regions involved in the processing of positive and negative adjectives with a natural reading task to minimize the task specific cognitive effects.
METHODS
Stimuli
3 x 34 highly arousing pleasant and negative and low arousing neutral adjectives were used as visually presented stimuli. The adjectives with the highest valence and arousal ratings were drawn from a larger sample of 500 adjectives previously rated by 45 subjects for valence and emotional arousal on the Self Assessment Manikin Scale [16, 17]. Words from each category were comparable in word length and frequency in spoken language and positive and negative adjectives were balanced for emotional arousal. Stimuli were presented for 1s in black letters on light gray background. During the jittered interstimulus interval (7.5 to 12 s) the non-word ‚xxxxx‘ was presented as baseline condition. The subjects were instructed to read the presented words silently. Upon completion of the fMRI scans subjects were asked to write a list with all remembered words. The mean number of correctly retrieved adjectives was 11 with a range from 5 to 27.
Participants
22 healthy volunteers (mean age 40 years (STD 11), range 23-64 years, 3 males) participated in this study. All subjects were right-handed and native German speakers and had no history of psychiatric or neurological disease. All subjects provided written informed consent for the participation in the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Clinical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Imaging
Functional MRI was performed on a 1.5 T Magnetom Vision Scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Two runs with 135 and 185 scans were acquired using an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence. Each volume consisted of 28 axial slices of 4 mm thickness (1 mm gap), TR 3 s, TE 39 ms, FOV 220 x 220 mm2, 642 matrix and was angulated along the AC-PC plane. The first 3 volumes of each run were discarded to minimize T1 effects.
Image Processing
Data preprocessing and statistical analysis was performed with SPM2 (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology). All functional images were realigned to the first image, slice time correction was applied and the images were normalized to the standard template brain (MNI) provided by SPM. Finally the functional images were spatially smoothed with a Gaussian Filter (12 mm full width-half maximum) and the time series were high pass filtered (128 s). Motion parameters of each individual were included into the statistical model as covariates of no interest. Three different event types were included in the model for statistical analysis to model the valence of the adjectives (positive, negative and neutral). The regressors were convolved with a standard hemodynamic response function and its temporal derivative. Calculated fixed effect contrast images were entered into second level analysis. To asses the overlap of activated regions positive and negative items were compared to neutral ones and the overlap was confirmed by masking the contrasts inclusively with a threshold of p=0.01. To discover regions that process distinct valences, negative and positive words were contrasted directly. Region of interest analyses was performed for the hypothesized regions. T values were considered statistically significant for a value of p < 0.005 (uncorrected for multiple comparisons) and a minimal cluster size of 10 contiguous voxels was applied. For the purpose of better visualization results are shown with a threshold of p=0.01 (uncorrected).
RESULTS
The direct comparison between positive and negative adjectives resulted in stronger activation elicited by negative adjectives in the frontal superior medial gyrus (BA8, -3, 45, 54, k=27, Z=2.92, p=0.002). This activation overlapped with the negative to neutral comparison for which the most notable focus of activation was found bilateral in the superior part of the medial frontal cortex (BA 8, 9), extending to SMA (BA6) (Fig. 1A, red spots). Additionally increased BOLD responses to negative adjectives were noted in the orbitofrontal region, more precisely in the left gyrus rectus (Fig. 1C, red spots). Further BOLD differences were observed in the middle occipital lobes, bilaterally (Fig. 1D, red spots), the left angular gyrus and the left posterior cingulate cortex (Fig. 1B, red spots). For local maxima see Table 1.
Significant Higher BOLD Response to Negative Compared to Neutral and Positive Compared Neutral Adjectives
| FEW ROI | FDR ROI | Cluster-Size | Z | x | y | z | p | Significant for Masking Inclusively | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| negative>neutral | |||||||||
| left middle occipital lobe | 21 | 3.38 | -27 | -99 | 18 | <0.001 | yes | ||
| right middle occipital lobe | 27 | 3.63 | 33 | -96 | 15 | <0.001 | yes | ||
| left angular gyrus | 19 | 2.95 | -48 | -63 | 39 | 0.002 | yes | ||
| bilateral superior frontal - medial frontal / SMA | 0.219 | 0.179 | 167 | 3.64 | 9 | 27 | 63 | <0.001 | no |
| left gyrus rectus | 0.625 | 0.179 | 35 | 3.12 | -9 | 54 | -21 | 0.001 | yes |
| left posterior cingulate gyrus | 21 | 3.15 | -15 | -42 | 15 | 0.001 | no | ||
| positive>neutral | |||||||||
| left middle occipital lobe | 10 | 3.04 | -24 | -102 | 15 | 0.001 | yes | ||
| right middle occipital lobe | 11 | 2.86 | 36 | -93 | 9 | 0.002 | yes | ||
| left gyrus rectus | 13 | 2.90 | -3 | 45 | -21 | 0.002 | yes | ||
| left middle frontal gyrus | 16 | 3.07 | -36 | 60 | 3 | 0.001 | no | ||
| left inferior frontal / orbitofrontal gyrus | 0.718 | 0.426 | 26 | 3.35 | -45 | 36 | -15 | 0.002 | no |
| left superior frontal gyrus | 0.731 | 0.426 | 12 | 2.95 | -15 | 42 | 45 | 0.002 | yes |
Region of interest (ROI) for overlap: orbifrontal cortex, gyrus rectus, superior medial frontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, amygdala.
Areas with significantly greater BOLD response to negative adjectives (red spots) and positive (green spots) compared to neutral adjectives (p=< 0.01 for visualization purposes).
Reading positive adjectives compared to neutral ones resulted in an elevated BOLD response in similar but relatively smaller clusters (less than 30 voxel). As in the contrast comparing negative with neutral adjectives, these clusters were located in the middle occipital lobes, the orbitofrontal cortex (gyrus rectus) and the superior frontal cortex (see Fig. 1D, green spots). In contrast to the results observed for negative adjectives an increased BOLD response was also found for positive compared to neutral adjectives in the inferior frontal cortex (BA 47, Fig. 1C, green spots). Local maxima can be seen in Table 1. Conjunction or overlap of activated regions using the masking function confirmed that bilateral middle occipital lobe and left gyrus rectus were activated during processing of both negative and positive adjectives.
DISCUSSION
The study was designed to investigate hypothesized overlap in neural responses elicited by natural reading of negative and positive adjectives as compared to neutral adjectives and perform a direct comparison of the BOLD responses to negative and positive words. There was an essential overlap of activation in brain regions involved in the processing of positive and negative adjectives. The superior part of medial frontal gyrus was the only brain region showing significantly higher BOLD responses to negative than to positive words. Negative items caused a higher BOLD response in that region than both neutral and positive ones. Activation in the superior medial frontal cortex has been previously reported in several imaging studies investigating the processing of emotionally positive and negative words [7-9]. Two of these studies found an emotion-neutral difference during a semantic monitoring task [9] and a passive reading task [8]. In contrast Kuchinke et al. (2005) report stronger activation of this region by positive as opposed to negative and neutral adjectives during a lexical decision task [7].
Negative adjectives elicited stronger activation within the posterior cingulate cortex when compared to neutral adjectives. Posterior cingulate cortex activation by emotionally salient compared to neutral stimuli has been reported in imaging studies investigating healthy subjects [12] and enhanced activity of posterior cingulate structures has also been shown in patients with emotional disorders, rendering these posterior cingulated brain structures as candidates for a mood congruent bias [18] .
Two brain regions showed an essential overlap for both negative and positive adjectives as compared to neutral ones. The first cluster was located in the visual cortex (BA18, 19) in line with a previous imaging study reporting an elevated BOLD response in the occipital lobe (BA 18, 19) [8] during passive reading of emotional items. This kind of activation difference was also observed in studies investigating the processing of emotional faces (for an overview see [4]) suggesting that visual emotional stimuli are processed in a facilitated manner in the visual cortex. The second region with overlap for the emotional processing contrasts is the orbitofrontal cortex. Elevated BOLD responses in the orbitofrontal cortex (gyrus rectus) to emotional words irrespective of emotional valence have been found in several studies [7, 12] using written verbal emotional stimuli, but has not been found in studies that used word generation or semantic monitoring [1, 9, 10].
Activation of the amygdale by emotional stimuli is most frequently reported in studies using emotional faces and pictures [15] and in the emotion research literature the amygdala has been pinpointed to be a key structure involved in the facilitated processing of emotional salient stimuli. On the other hand, among the studies using verbal stimuli, only two studies report amygdala activation in response to verbal stimuli [2, 3]. In the current study amygdala activation was absent not only in the direct comparison of emotional and neutral adjectives but also when considering the effects of interest. The amygdala facilitates perceptual vigilance for emotional stimuli. However, single word presentation may induce lower arousal than presentation of single emotional picture stimuli during passive viewing.
We did not find an activation of the anterior cingulate cortex. However, other regions of the limbic system (orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex) are activated by emotional words suggesting that emotional processing enhances brain activity in regions closely connected with the amygdale. Beauregard showed in a PET study that emotionally relevant material produces further processing in limbic brain structures of the orbito-frontal lobe [8].
Beside the missing amygdala activation our passive adjectives reading task leads to an activation pattern found similarly in other studies investigating emotional word reading and processing, respectively.
With the passive reading task, it is impossible to control what subjects associate with it. Viewing single words produces a cognitively complex mental state in which anticipation, emotional responses, visual perceptual analysis and activation of orthographic representation occurs [8]. None of these responses can be separately and/or individually determined.
CONCLUSIONS
The pattern of activated regions showed essential overlap with areas found in other studies and it can be suggested that silent reading of emotional adjectives induces emotional processing. Further studies have to evaluate the role of the task.
The overlap of activation of emotional compared to neutral adjectives and the negligible difference between positive and negative adjectives gives evidence that in healthy controls concordant brain regions are responsible for processing positive and negative items.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by a grant from the Heidelberg Academy of Science (Mind and Brain Program)
